Piezoelectric transducer and electrophoretic ink display apparatus using piezoelectric transducer

ABSTRACT

A first electrode layer  12 , a first piezoelectric film layer  13 , a second electrode layer  14 , a second piezoelectric film layer  15 , and a third electrode layer  16  are layered in that order on a substrate  11 ; these are constrained so as not to expand or contract in a thickness direction and a piezoelectric transducer is constructed thereby. A plurality of gate lines  201  and  202 , a plurality of data lines  203  and  204  intersecting with the gate lines, and thin film transistors  205  and  207 , disposed at the intersections of the abovementioned gate lines and data lines, are established; one source-drain of the abovementioned thin film transistors is connected to the abovementioned data lines; another source-drain of the abovementioned thin film transistors is connected to the input sides of the abovementioned thin film piezoelectric transducers  208  through  210 ; the output sides of the abovementioned thin film piezoelectric transducers are connected to the electrodes of electrophoretic ink display elements; and an electrophoretic ink display apparatus is constructed thereby.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a piezoelectric transducer using apiezoelectric element, and more particularly to an electrophoretic inkdisplay apparatus using a piezoelectric transducer.

2. Description of the Related Art

The technology noted in Japanese Patent Laid-open PublicationNo.(Hei)8-125247 and Japanese Patent Laid-open PublicationNo.(Hei)9-162456 relates to conventional piezoelectric transducers. Theembodiments therein are different, but both include technology usingbulk piezoelectric ceramics.

Meanwhile, the paper in SID 98 Digest pp. 1131 to 1134 makes note ofconventional electrophoretic ink display apparatuses. The constitutionof a segment type display body using electrophoretic ink is disclosed inthis paper.

In this electrophoretic ink display apparatus, each segment of thedisplay apparatus is constituted of a plurality of microcapsules usingelectrophoresis. This is so that the color of a segment changes whenvoltage is applied to that segment.

However, the abovementioned background art has the following problems.

In the piezoelectric transducers noted in Japanese Patent Laid-openPublication No.(Hei)8-125247 and Japanese Patent Laid-open PublicationNo.(Hei)9-162456, bulk piezoelectric ceramics are used although theembodiments are different, as discussed above. It is difficult tominiaturize a piezoelectric transducer wherein bulk piezoelectricceramics are used. For example, the piezoelectric transducer in JapanesePatent Laid-open Publication No. 9-162456 is 40 mm×10 mm×1.5 mm.

Also, while the constitution of a display body using piezoelectric inkis disclosed in SID 98 Digest pp. 1131 to 1134, methods for disposing alarge number of these display elements at a high density and methods fordriving electrophoretic ink display elements disposed at a high densityare not proposed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention was made in view of the abovementioned problemswith the background art and it is an object of the present invention torealize piezoelectric transducers that can be easily miniaturized.

It is another object of the present invention to realize anelectrophoretic ink display apparatus comprising electrophoretic inkdisplay elements, a plurality of which are disposed at a high density.

The piezoelectric transducer relating to the present invention comprisesa first electrode layer, a first piezoelectric film layer, a secondelectrode layer, a second piezoelectric film layer, and a thirdelectrode layer, layered in that order on a substrate. Theabovementioned first and second piezoelectric film layers areconstrained so as not to expand or contract in a thickness direction.

With the abovementioned constitution, three-dimensional and planarminiaturization are possible because the piezoelectric transducer can beconstituted by forming two piezoelectric film layers. Moreover, itbecomes possible to realize a piezoelectric transducer that can withdrawa high load. Also, because the piezoelectric film layers are constrainedso as not to expand or contract in a thickness direction, it becomespossible to realize a piezoelectric transducer with which direct voltageamplification is possible.

In the piezoelectric transducer relating to the present invention, afirst electrode layer, a piezoelectric film layer, a second electrodelayer, and third electrode layer are formed on a supporting base whereina cavity is formed. The abovementioned second electrode layer and thirdelectrode layer are formed in a pair, with an interval therebetween, onthe piezoelectric film layer positioned above the abovementioned cavity.

With the abovementioned constitution, it is possible to form aminiaturized piezoelectric transducer.

The electrophoretic ink display apparatus relating to the presentinvention comprises a multiplicity of capsules. Comprising a pluralityof electrophoretic ink display elements wherein the color changes withthe movement of charged particles within the capsules, anelectrophoretic ink display apparatus further comprises a plurality ofgate lines, a plurality data lines intersecting with the gate lines, andthin film transistors disposed at the intersections of theabovementioned gate lines and data lines. One source-drain of theabovementioned thin film transistors is connected to the abovementioneddata line; another source-drain of the abovementioned thin filmtransistors is connected to the input side of the piezoelectrictransducer; and the output side of the abovementioned piezoelectrictransducer is connected to the electrode of the electrophoretic inkdisplay element.

The piezoelectric transducer relating to the present invention can beused as the abovementioned piezoelectric transducer. In that case, acolumnar structure is established on the upper portion of theabovementioned piezoelectric transducer and the abovementioned columnarstructure is pressed with the facing substrate on which the upperelectrode of the abovementioned electrophoretic ink display element isestablished. The abovementioned first and second piezoelectric filmlayers can thereby be constrained so as not to expand or contract in athickness direction.

With the abovementioned constitution, a multiplicity of disposedelectrophoretic ink display elements can be driven with piezoelectrictransducers while being addressed with thin film transistors.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a dross sectional view of a layered thin film piezoelectrictransducer relating to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a thin film piezoelectric transducerconstituted of Rosen piezoelectric transducers using piezoelectric thinfilms, relating to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 shows the constitution of an electrophoretic ink display element;3A is a cross sectional view of an electrophoretic ink display element;3B shows the constitution of a microcapsule in an electrophoretic inkdisplay element; and 3C shows the constitution of a charged particle ina microcapsule;

FIG. 4 shows the constitution of an electrophoretic ink displayapparatus using thin film, layered piezoelectric transducer, relating toan embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a timing chart of the electric signals controlling the TFT andthe opening and closing of an analog switch in the electrophoretic inkdisplay apparatus in an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a plane diagram of one pixel in an electrophoretic ink displayapparatus relating to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a cross sectional view of an electrophoretic ink displayapparatus relating to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 8 is a plane diagram of one pixel in an electrophoretic ink displayapparatus using Rosen thin film piezoelectric transducers, relating toan embodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 9 is a cross sectional view of an electrophoretic ink displayapparatus using Rosen thin film piezoelectric transducers, relating toan embodiment of the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Embodiments of the piezoelectric transducer relating to the presentinvention are explained below with reference to the figures.

First embodiment of piezoelectric transducer

FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view of a layered thin film piezoelectrictransducer relating to an embodiment of the present invention. A firstelectrode layer 12, a first piezoelectric film layer 13, a secondelectrode layer 14, a second piezoelectric film layer 15, and a thirdelectrode layer 16 are formed in that order on a substrate 11. PressureP is applied from above to the third electrode layer 16 and the firstand second piezoelectric film layers 13 and 15 are constrained so as notto expand or contract in a thickness direction.

A single crystal silicon substrate, including a silicon dioxide filmformed by thermal oxidation, was used as the substrate 11. The firstelectrode layer thereon is an electrode layer comprising three layers oftitanium, platinum, and titanium in that order formed by sputtering tothicknesses of 20 nm, 200 nm, and 5 nm respectively. The firstpiezoelectric film layer 13 is a thin film of lead zirconate titanate(hereinafter, to be referred to as “PPZT”), with a constitution of 52mole % lead zirconate-48 mole % lead titanate, formed by the sol gelmethod to a thickness of 200 nm. Furthermore, the second electrode layer14 is an electrode layer comprising three layers of titanium, platinum,and titanium in that order formed by sputtering to thicknesses of 20 nm,200 nm, and 5 nm respectively. The second piezoelectric film layer 15 isa PZT thin film with the abovementioned constitution formed by the solgel method to a thickness of 2 μm. Furthermore, the third electrodelayer 16 is an electrode layer comprising two layers of titanium andplatinum in that order formed by sputtering to thicknesses of 20 nm and200 nm respectively.

The pressure raising action for the layered thin film piezoelectrictransducer is as follows. The second electrode layer 14 becomes theground potential. When an electric field E₁ is applied in the filmthickness direction of the first piezoelectric film layer 13, the stressT₁ in the film thickness direction in the first piezoelectric film layer13 becomes as follows, where the piezoelectric strain constant is d_(ij)and the elastic compliance under an applied electric field 0 is S_(ij)^(E).

T₁=−(d₃₃/s₃₃ ^(E))·E₁  (1)

This layered thin film piezoelectric transducer is constrained fromabove and an electrode of sufficiently hard metal is used; the stress T₂in the film thickness direction applied to the second piezoelectric filmlayer therefore becomes as follows.

T₂=T₁  (2)

At this time, the electric field E₂ occurring in the film thicknessdirection of the second piezoelectric film layer 15 becomes as follows,where the permittivity at stress 0 is ε_(ij) ^(T).

E₂=−(d₃₃/ ε₃₃ ^(T))·T₂  (3)

Equations (1) and (2) are substituted into equation (3) as follows.

E₂=(d₃₃ ²/(ε₃₃ ^(T)·s ₃₃ ^(E)))·E₁=k₃₃ ²·E₁  (4)

Here, k_(ij) is the electromechanical coupling factor of thepiezoelectric film layer. The following results where the voltageapplied in the film thickness direction of the first piezoelectric filmlayer 13, meaning between the first electrode layer 12 and the secondelectrode layer 14, is V₁ and the thickness of the first piezoelectricfilm layer 13 is t₁.

E₁=V₁/t₁  (5)

The following results where the voltage output in a thickness directionof the second piezoelectric film layer 15, meaning between the secondelectrode layer 14 and third electrode layer 16, is V₂ and the thicknessof the second piezoelectric film layer 15 is t₂.

E₂=V₂/t₂  (6)

Equations (4), (5), and (6) yield the following.

V₂=k₃₃ ²·V₁·t₂/t₁  (7)

In other words, when a voltage V₁ is applied to the first piezoelectricfilm layer, the voltage V₂ output by the second piezoelectric film layeris proportional to the square of the electromechanical coupling constantk₃₃ and the ratio of the thicknesses of the two piezoelectric filmlayers. Specifically, the direct voltage amplification factor can bedetermined with the ratio of the thickness of the first piezoelectricfilm layer and the thickness of the second piezoelectric film layer.

The layered thin film piezoelectric transducer in the constitution ofthe present embodiment comprises a piezoelectric transducer formed oftwo piezoelectric film layers; as a result, a piezoelectric transducerfor which three-dimensional and planar miniaturization are possible isrealized. A high load can be withdrawn because of the use of thecapacitance of the piezoelectric thin film on the output side as well.Also, direct voltage amplification is possible because the piezoelectricfilm layers are constrained so as not to expand or contract in athickness direction, and because of the use of pressure to thepiezoelectric thin film from the static piezoelectric effect. Actually,the inventors were able to attain pulses with an amplitude of 45 V as V₂in the case where pulses with an amplitude of 10 V were applied asV₁·k₃₃ of the PZT film, used as the piezoelectric thin film in thepresent embodiment, was estimated from the inversion of equation (7) tobe about 0.67.

Also, the layered thin film piezoelectric transducer in theabovementioned constitution has sufficient adhesive force between thesubstrate and electrode layer and between the electrode layer andpiezoelectric film layers, because the electrode layers are formed witha multilayered structure of platinum and titanium. Also, the twopiezoelectric film layers are formed of PZT. A layered thin filmpiezoelectric transducer having a large voltage amplification factor isrealized because PZT has a relatively high electromechanical couplingfactor. This material used in the piezoelectric film layers may also bea PZT piezoelectric material, such as PZT including lead magnesiumniobate (PMN), having an even larger electromechanical coupling factor.The layered thin film piezoelectric transducer may also be constitutedusing material generating a large pressure in the first piezoelectricfilm layer 13, and material generating a large voltage relative to theapplied pressure in the second piezoelectric film layer 15.

Second embodiment of piezoelectric transducer

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a thin film piezoelectric transducerconstituted of Rosen piezoelectric transducers using piezoelectric thinfilms, relating to an embodiment of the present invention. A diaphragm23, first electrode layer 24, piezoelectric film layer 25, secondelectrode layer,26, and third electrode layer 27 are formed on asupporting base 22 wherein a cavity 21 is formed. The second electrodelayer 26 and third electrode layer 27 are formed in a pair, with aninterval therebetween, on the piezoelectric film layer positioned abovethe cavity 21. Also, the third electrode layer 27 is formed to span theend surface and top layer surface of the piezoelectric film layer 25.

A single crystal silicon substrate with a silicon dioxide film formed bythermal oxidation was used as the base 22. A zirconia film was formedthereon as the diaphragm 23, to a thickness of 500 nm, by growing a filmof metallic zirconium by sputtering and then thermal oxidation. Anelectrode layer comprising three layers of titanium, platinum, andtitanium in that order was formed thereon as the first electrode layer24, by sputtering and then patterning [the materials] to thicknesses of20 nm, 200 nm, and 5 nm respectively. Then a PZT film, comprising 52mole % lead zirconate-48 mole % lead titanate, was formed as thepiezoelectric film layer 25, by the sol gel method and then patterning.Furthermore, electrode layers comprising two layers of titanium andplatinum in that order were formed as the second electrode layer 26 andthird electrode layer 27, by sputtering and then patterning tothicknesses of 20 nm and 200 nm respectively. A Rosen thin filmpiezoelectric transducer was then formed by forming a cavity 21 byanisotropic etching of a single crystal silicon substrate 22 with a dryetching method.

The operation of this Rosen thin film piezoelectric transducer is asdiscussed in Piezoelectric Actuators and Ultrasonic Motors (KluwerAcademic Publishers), 1997, pp. 309-310, by Kenji Uchino; the voltageamplification factor r is expressed with the following equation.

 r=(4/²)·k₃₁·k₃₃·Q_(m)·(L₂/t)·[2·(s₃₃ ^(E)/s₁₁ ^(E))^(½)/{1+(s₃₃^(D)/S₁₁ ^(E))^(½)}]

Alternating voltage is applied between the first electrode layer 24 andthe second electrode layer 26 and amplified voltage is output frombetween the first electrode layer 24 and third electrode layer 27.

Here, k_(ij) is the electromechanical coupling factor of thepiezoelectric film layer 25; Q_(m) is the mechanical Q of thepiezoelectric film layer 25; L₂ is the interval between the pair ofsecond electrode layers 26 and 27; t is the thickness of thepiezoelectric film layer 25; s_(ij) ^(E) is the elastic compliance at anelectrical field 0; and s_(ij) ^(D) is the elastic compliance at anelectric flux density 0. For example, in the case of 52 mole % leadzirconate-48 mole % lead titanate PZT, k₃₁=0.313, k₃₃=0.670, Q_(m)=860,s₃₃ ^(E)=17.1×10⁻¹²m²/N, s₁₁ ^(E)=13.8×10⁻¹² m²/N, and s₃₃^(D)=9.35×10⁻¹² m²/N. When L₂=1 μm and t=200 nm, a very high voltageamplification factor r=450 can be attained.

Because of the use of piezoelectric thin films, three-dimensional andplanar miniaturization are possible for the thin film piezoelectrictransducer in the constitution of the present embodiment. For example,in the case of the abovementioned embodiment, the interval between thesecond electrode layers 26 and 27 is 1 μm. Also, a piezoelectrictransducer can be constituted in a smaller planar region due to one ofthe second electrode layers 27 spanning the end surface of thepiezoelectric film layer 25. Because a single crystal silicon substrateis used for the supporting base 22, a cavity 21 can be easily formed byanisotropic etching. Also, because the diaphragm 23 is formed with azirconia thin film, a diaphragm with toughness and which is not easilybroken under residual stress can be formed. Because the first electrodelayer 24, second electrode layer 26, and third electrode layer 27 areformed with a multilayered structure of platinum and titanium, there issufficient adhesive force between the diaphragm and first electrodelayer, and between the piezoelectric thin films and first, second, andthird electrode layers. Forming the piezoelectric film layer 25 with aPZT thin film makes it possible to form a thin film having a highelectromechanical coupling factor, and a thin film piezoelectrictransducer having a high voltage amplification factor can be realized.The material used in the piezoelectric film layer 25 may also be a PZTpiezoelectric material, such as PZT including PMN, that has an evenhigher electromechanical coupling constant.

Principle of an electrophoretic ink display element

An electrophoretic ink display element is explained next. FIG. 3 showsthe constitution of an electrophoretic ink display element; 3A is across sectional view of an electrophoretic ink display element; 3B showsthe constitution of a microcapsule in an electrophoretic ink displayelement; and 3C shows the constitution of a charged particle in amicrocapsule.

This electrophoretic ink display element comprises the following: alower electrode 102 formed on a substrate 101, an electrophoretic inklayer comprising a binder 104 having light transmission properties and aplurality of microcapsules 103 uniformly dispersed and affixed in thisbinder 104, an opposite substrate 105, and a transparent electrode 106formed on the opposite substrate.

This electrophoretic ink display element is a display element whereinthe writing and deleting of display patterns can be accomplished usingthe electrophoresis of charged particles. The thickness of theelectrophoretic ink layer, meaning the distance between the lowerelectrode 102 and the transparent electrode 106, is preferably about 1.5to 2 times the outer diameter of the microcapsules 103. Also, polyvinylalcohol, for example, can be used as the binder 104.

As shown in FIG. 3B, the microcapsules 103 include hollow, sphericalcapsules 107 having light transmitting properties. These capsules 107are filled with liquid 108; a plurality of negatively charged particles109 are dispersed in this liquid 108. As shown in FIG. 3C, the chargedparticles 109 comprise a nucleus 110 and a coating layer 111 coveringthis nucleus.

The colors of the charged particles 109 and the liquid 108 are differentfrom each other. For example, the color of the charged particles 109 iswhite and the color of the liquid 108 is blue, red, green, or black.When an external electric field is applied to the microcapsules 103, thecharged particles 109 move within the capsules 107 in a directionopposite to the abovementioned electric field. For example, when avoltage is applied so that the transparent electrode 106 has a positivepotential and the lower electrode 102 has zero potential in FIG. 3A, theelectric field is generated from the transparent electrode 106 towardthe lower electrode 102; as a result, the charged particles 109 in themicrocapsules 103 move toward the tops of the capsules 107.Consequently, the color seen from the opposite substrate 105 becomeswhite, because the color of the charged particles 109 can be seen.Oppositely, when a voltage is applied so that the a transparentelectrode 106 has negative potential and the lower electrode 102 haszero potential, the electric field is generated from the lower electrode102 toward the transparent electrode 106; as a result, the chargedparticles 109 in the microcapsules 103 move towards the bottoms of thecapsules. Consequently, the color seen from the opposite substrate 105becomes the color of the liquid 108, blue for example if the color ofthe liquid 108 is blue.

The microcapsules 103 are constituted so that the specific gravity ofthe liquid 108 is equal to that of the charged particles 109.Accordingly the charged particles 109 can remain for a long period oftime in the same position even if the external electric field isremoved. In other words, the display of the electrophoretic ink displayelements is maintained for a long period of time. Moreover, thethickness of the coating layer 111, for example, may be adjusted so thatthe specific gravity of the liquid 108 is equal to that of the chargedparticles 109. The outer diameter of the microcapsules 103 is preferablyno more than 180 μm, and more preferably 10 to 20 μm. A rutile structureof titania, for example, can be used as the nucleus 110 of theabovementioned charged particles 109. Also, polyethylene, for example,can be used as the coating layer 111 of the abovementioned chargedparticles 109. Anthraquinone dye dissolved in ethylene tetrachloride andisoparaffin, for example, can be used as the abovementioned liquid 108.

Embodiments of the electrophoretic ink display element relating to thepresent invention is explained below with reference to the figures.

First embodiment of the electrophoretic ink display apparatus

FIG. 4 shows the constitution of an electrophoretic ink displayapparatus using thin film layered piezoelectric transducer, relating toan embodiment of the present invention. In this figure, 201 and 202 showgate lines; 203 and 204 show data lines; 205 through 207 show thin filmtransistors (TFT); 208 through 210 show thin film piezoelectrictransducers; 211 through 213 show electrophoretic ink display elements;214 and 215 show analog switches; 216 shows a data signal line; and 217and 218 show the input terminals for the signal to control the openingand closing of analog switches 214 and 215, respectively. The analogswitches 214 and 215 may be constituted with TFTs.

FIG. 5 is a timing chart of the electric signals controlling the TFT andthe opening and closing of an analog switch in the electrophoretic inkdisplay apparatus in an embodiment of the present invention. In thisfigure, 301 and 302 show the electrical signals applied to the gatelines 201 and 202 respectively; and 303 and 304 show the electricalsignals applied to the input terminals 217 and 218 for the signals toopen and close the analog switches. The TFT and analog switches areconductive [closed] when these signals are HI. At time t₁, the potentialof the gate line 201 becomes HI and the TFTs 205 and 206 are conductive[active]. At the same time, the potential of the input terminal 217 forthe signal to open and close the analog switch 214 becomes HI and thatanalog switch is conductive [closed]. Consequently, the data signalsupplied by the data signal line 216 is input to the thin filmpiezoelectric transducer 208 via the analog switch 214 and the TFT 205.The voltage amplified data signal output therefrom is then supplied tothe electrode of the electrophoretic ink display element 211. At timet₂, the potential of the input terminal 217 for the signal to open andclose the analog switch 214 becomes LOW and that analog switch becomesnon-conductive [open]. At the same time, the potential of the inputterminal 218 for the signal to open and close the analog switch 215becomes HI and that analog switch is conductive [closed]. Consequently,the data signal supplied by the data signal line 216 is input to thethin film piezoelectric transducer 209 via the analog switch 215 and theTFT 206. The voltage amplified data signal output therefrom is thensupplied to the electrode of the electrophoretic ink display element212. At time t₃, the potential of the input terminal 218 for the signalto open and close the analog switch 215 becomes LOW and that analogswitch becomes non-conductive [open]. Although not shown in FIGS. 4 and5, the operation discussed above is repeated in the gate line directionand then at time t₄, the potential of the gate line 201 becomes LOW andthe TFTs 205 and 206 become non-conductive [inactive]. At the same time,the potential of the gate line 202 becomes HI, the analog switch 207becomes conductive [closed], and data are written to the electrophoreticink display element 213 in the period from time t₄ to time t₅.

With the abovementioned constitution, it becomes possible to drive theplurality of disposed electrophoretic ink display elements with a TFTwhile addressing and directly amplifying a data signal with the thinfilm piezoelectric transducers.

The piezoelectric transducer relating to the present invention shown inFIG. 1 can be used as the thin film piezoelectric transducer in thepresent embodiment. In that case, the electrophoretic ink displayapparatus relating to the present invention can be provided all theoperative effects of the piezoelectric transducer relating to thepresent invention.

FIG. 6 is a plane diagram of one pixel in an electrophoretic ink displayapparatus relating to an embodiment of the present invention. A TFTcomprising a channel portion of polycrystalline silicon film 401, a gateelectrode 201, and a contact hole 402 is formed at the intersection ofthe gate line 201 and the data line 203. The first electrode layer 403in the thin film piezoelectric transducer 208 also serves as the loadingelectrode from the source-drain portion of the TFT. The second electrodelayer 404 in the thin film piezoelectric transducer 208 is drawnparallel to the gate line 201 and is grounded. The third electrode layer405 of the thin film piezoelectric transducer 208 becomes the pixelelectrode of the electrophoretic ink display element without any furtherchanges. When the size of the pixel electrode is 150 μm square, theregion required for the thin film piezoelectric transducer 208 may beabout 10 μm square and an electrophoretic ink display apparatus with acompact planar form is attained.

FIG. 7 is a cross sectional view of an electrophoretic ink displayapparatus relating to an embodiment of the present invention. The TFTcomprises a polycrystalline silicon layer 401, gate insulating film 502,gate electrode 503, interlayer insulating film 504,and an electrodelayer 403, which is a source-drain electrode and also serves as thefirst electrode layer of the thin film layered piezoelectric transducer,formed on an insulating substrate 501. The first piezoelectric filmlayer 510, second electrode layer 404, second piezoelectric film layer511, and third electrode layer 405 are then formed, constituting thethin film layered piezoelectric transducer. A protective layer 505 isthen formed. Separately therefrom, a transparent electrode 507 is formedon an opposite substrate 506; then a columnar structure 508 is formed bymetal plating, or the like. The columnar structure 508 is assembled soas to press the upper portion of the thin film layered piezoelectrictransducer and filled with electrophoretic ink 509; an electrophoreticink display apparatus is formed thereby. The thin film layeredpiezoelectric transducer is constrained so as to be pressed on by thecolumnar structure 508 and opposite substrate 506; direct voltageamplification can therefore be performed. The thin film layeredpiezoelectric transducer with the constitution in the present embodimentis allowed three-dimensional and planar miniaturization. A high load canbe withdrawn because of the use of the capacitance of the piezoelectricthin film on the output side as well. Also, direct voltage amplificationis possible because of the use of pressure to the piezoelectric thinfilm from the static piezoelectric effect. Actually, the inventors usedlead-titanate-zirconate, with a composition of 52 mole % leadzirconate-48 mole % lead titanate, for the piezoelectric film layers 510and 511, provided the first piezoelectric film layer 510 a thickness of200 nm and the second piezoelectric film layer 511 a thickness of 2 μm,and applied pulses with an amplitude of 10 V between the first electrodelayer 403 and second electrode layer 404; in that case, pulses with anamplitude of 45 V could be attained between the third electrode layer405 and second electrode layer 404. It thereby becomes possible to drivethe electrophoretic ink display elements.

The material used in the piezoelectric film layers 510 and 511 may alsobe a PZT piezoelectric material, such as PZT including lead magnesiumniobate (PMN), having a higher electromechanical coupling factor. A thinfilm piezoelectric transducer may also be constituted using a materialgenerating high stress for the first piezoelectric film layer 103, and amaterial generating high voltage with respect to the applied pressurefor the second piezoelectric film layer 105.

The adhesive force of the first, second, and third electrode layers withthe piezoelectric thin films can be improved by forming the firstelectrode layer 24, second electrode layer 26, and third electrode layer27 of a multilayered structure of platinum and titanium.

Second embodiment of the electrophoretic ink display apparatus

FIG. 8 is a plane diagram of one pixel in an electrophoretic ink displayapparatus using Rosen thin film piezoelectric transducers and relatingto an embodiment of the present invention. A TFT comprising a channelportion of polycrystalline silicon thin film 401, gate electrode 201,and contact hole 402 is formed at the intersection of the gate line 201and data line 203. 601 is a piezoelectric film layer; therebelow is acavity to allow vibration. A common electrode layer 404 in the thin filmpiezoelectric transducer is drawn parallel to the gate line 201 and isgrounded. 405 is a pixel electrode of the electrophoretic ink displayelement.

The piezoelectric transducer shown in FIG. 2 can be used as the Rosenthin film piezoelectric transducer in the present embodiment. In thatcase, the electrophoretic ink display apparatus relating to the presentinvention can be provided all the operative effects of the piezoelectrictransducer relating to the present invention.

FIG. 9 is a cross sectional view of an electrophoretic ink displayapparatus using Rosen thin film piezoelectric transducers and relatingto an embodiment of the present invention. A TFT is constituted of apolycrystalline silicon layer 401, gate insulating film 502, gateelectrode 503, interlayer insulating film 504, and an electrode layer701 which is a source-drain electrode and also serves as the lowerelectrode of the electrophoretic ink display element, formed on aninsulating substrate 501. A bump layer 702 is then formed with metalplating. 703 is an input electrode of a Rosen thin film piezoelectrictransducer; 704 is an output electrode of a Rosen thin filmpiezoelectric transducer; 705 is a piezoelectric film layer; and 404 isa common electrode of a Rosen thin film piezoelectric transducer. Theadhesive force between the electrodes and the piezoelectric film layerscan be improved by forming the electrodes 703, 704, and 404 of amultilayered structure of platinum and titanium. A thin film with a highelectromechanical coupling factor can be formed by forming thepiezoelectric film layer 705 with a PZT thin film. In this setup,alternating voltage is applied between the input electrode 703 and thecommon electrode 404, the piezoelectric film layer 705 vibrates, andalternating voltage amplified between the output electrode 704 andcommon electrode 404 is output. Such a structure can be formed byforming a piezoelectric film layer 705, electrodes 703, 704, 404, and soforth on a separate substrate in advance, connecting a bump layer 702and electrode layers 703 and 704, then peeling away the separatesubstrate. Furthermore, an electrophoretic ink display apparatus isformed by forming a protective layer 505, forming separately therefrom atransparent electrode 507 on the opposite substrate 506, assembling themand injecting electrophoretic ink 509 thereinto.

Because a cavity is formed below the piezoelectric film layer 705, thepiezoelectric film layer can vibrate and consequently, it can operate asa Rosen thin film piezoelectric transducer and supply a voltageamplified alternating signal to the lower electrode 701 of theelectrophoretic ink display element. Even if the signal supplied to theelectrode 701 is alternating, the potential of the electrode 701 can bekept constant by turning off the thin film transistor at the appropriateposition in the amplitude thereof. As a result, it becomes possible todrive the electrophoretic ink display element. Also, even if theelectrical signal input to the Rosen thin film piezoelectric transducerhas a short waveform, [the signal] can be voltage amplified because thepiezoelectric transducer is deformed by the characteristic vibrationthereof.

As discussed above, the piezoelectric transducer relating to the presentinvention has two piezoelectric film layers constrained so as not toexpand or contract in a thickness direction. Miniaturization istherefore easy and direct voltage amplification is possible.

Also, the Rosen piezoelectric transducer using the piezoelectric thinfilm relating to the present invention is formed using a piezoelectricthin film on a supporting base wherein a cavity is formed.Miniaturization is therefore easy and [the piezoelectric transducer]also has a high voltage amplification factor.

Also, the electrophoretic ink display element relating to the presentinvention can be driven by a miniaturized thin film piezoelectrictransducer while being addressed with a thin film transistor. Anelectrophoretic ink display apparatus having a plurality ofelectrophoretic ink display elements disposed at a high density istherefore realized.

What is claimed is:
 1. An electrophoretic ink display apparatus comprising a plurality of electrophoretic ink display elements that comprise a plurality of capsules and wherein the color changes due to the movement of charged particles within the capsules; the electrophoretic ink display apparatus further comprising: a plurality of gate lines, a plurality of data lines intersecting with the gate lines and thin film transistors disposed at the intersections of said gate lines and data lines; wherein one source-drain of said thin film transistor is connected to said data line; another source-drain of said thin film transistor is connected to the input side of a piezoelectric transducer; and the output side of said piezoelectric transducer is connected to the electrode of the electrophoretic ink display element.
 2. The electrophoretic ink display apparatus, according to claim 1, wherein said piezoelectric transducer is connected vibrateably with the upper portion of said thin film transistor.
 3. The electrophoretic ink display apparatus, according to claim 1, wherein said piezoelectric transducer comprises a first electrode layer, a first piezoelectric film layer, a second electrode layer, a second piezoelectric film layer, and a third electrode layer, layered in that order on an insulating substrate; and wherein said first and second piezoelectric film layers are constrained so as not to expand or contract in a thickness direction.
 4. The electrophoretic ink display apparatus, according to claim 3, wherein said first and second piezoelectric film layers are constrained so as not to expand or contract in a thickness direction by establishing a columnar structure on the upper portion of said piezoelectric transducer and pressing said columnar structure with an opposite substrate, whereon the upper electrode of said electrophoretic ink display element is established.
 5. The electrophoretic ink display apparatus, according to claim 3, wherein said third electrode layer also functions as the lower electrode of said electrophoretic ink display element.
 6. The electrophoretic ink display apparatus, according to claim 3, wherein said first, second, and third electrode layers are formed of a multilayered structure of platinum and titanium.
 7. The electrophoretic ink display apparatus according to claim 3, wherein said first and second piezoelectric film layers are formed of a lead-titanate-zirconate piezoelectric material.
 8. The electrophoretic ink display apparatus, according to claim 3, wherein an arbitrary voltage waveform is input to said first piezoelectric film layer, and said arbitrary voltage waveform which has been amplified is output to said second piezoelectric film layer.
 9. The electrophoretic ink display apparatus, according to claim 1, wherein said piezoelectric transducer comprises a first electrode layer, piezoelectric film layer, second electrode layer, and third electrode layer formed on a supporting base wherein a cavity is formed; and said second electrode layer and third electrode layer are formed in a pair with a space therebetween on the piezoelectric film layer located above said cavity.
 10. The electrophoretic ink display apparatus, according to claim 9, wherein said third electrode layer is formed to span the end surface and upper layer surface of said piezoelectric film layer.
 11. The electrophoretic ink display apparatus, according to claim 9, wherein the supporting base wherein said cavity is formed is a single crystal silicon substrate.
 12. The electrophoretic ink display apparatus, according to claim 9, wherein said first, second, and third electrode layers are formed of a multilayered structure of platinum and titanium.
 13. The electrophoretic ink display apparatus, according to claim 9, wherein said first and second piezoelectric film layers are formed of a lead-titanate-zirconate piezoelectric material.
 14. The electrophoretic ink display apparatus, according to claim 9, wherein an arbitrary voltage waveform is applied between said first electrode layer and said second electrode layer, and said arbitrary voltage waveform which has been amplified is output between said second electrode layer and said third electrode layer. 